Table 2 A comparison of counterfactual attitudes with the other attitude types in TSM
From: On counterfactual attitudes: a case study of Taiwanese Southern Min
Four types of attitude verbs | Representational? | Mood selection | Parenthetical uses | Negatable? | Epistemic licensing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Counterfactual attitudes | liah8-tsun2 | ✓ | Indicative | ✘ | ✘ | Necessity |
Representational attitudes | 相信 siong1-sin3 ‘believe’ | ✓ | Indicative | ✓ | ✓ | Necessity/possibility |
認為 jin7-ui5 ‘think’ | ✓ | Indicative | ✓ | ✓ | Necessity/possibility | |
發覺 huat4-kak4 ‘discover’ | ✓ | Indicative | ✓ | ✓ | Necessity/possibility | |
講 kong2 ‘say’ | ✓ | Indicative | ✓ | ✓ | Necessity/possibility | |
Non-representational attitudes | 想欲 siunn7-beh4 ‘want’ | ✘ | Subjunctive | ✘ | ✓ | ✘ |
命令 bing7-ling7 ‘command’ | ✘ | Subjunctive | ✘ | ✓ | ✘ | |
Hybrid attitudes | 懷疑 huai5-gi5 ‘doubt’ | ✓ | Indicative | ✘ | ✓ | Possibility |