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Table 5 Distribution of /dz/ realizations with regard to roundedness. The first three realizations ([Z], [G], [L]) are those that were commonly discussed in the previous literature, while the rest are not. [Z]: dental sibilants; [G]: velar obstruents; [L]: laterals; [D]: dental nonsibilants; [R]: retroflexes; [V]: labials; Ø: total deletion. Asterisks indicate significance in post hoc tests, and asterisks in parentheses indicate near-significance. Subscript numbers after each phonetic variant indicate its frequency of occurrence

From: The effect of speaker gender and talker proficiency on the realization of Taiwan Min /dz/ among young speakers

 

Rounded

Unrounded

Total

Realizations

[Z](*)

16

25

41

[ʑ]20, [z]14, [dʑ]5, [ts]1, [tɕ]1

[G]*

0

14

14

[ɡ]6, [ŋɡ]4, [ɣ]4

[L]*

52

31

83

[l]81, [nl]1, [ʎ]1

[D]*

8

24

32

[d]19, [ˡd]5, [ð]4, [ˡð]1, [nd]1, [t]1, [ɾ]1

[R]*

25

0

25

[ɻ]19, [ʐ]5, [ɹ]1

[V](*)

0

3

3

[v]3

Ø

0

1

1

Ø1

Total

101

98

199