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Table 4 Connective words attached to each correspondent subtype

From: Semantic relation identification for consecutive predicative constituents in Chinese

Semantic relation

Connective pairs

TimeBefore-TimeAfter

(在)…之後/前 (zài)… zhī hòu/qián ‘after/before…’, (在)…以後/前 (zài)… yǐ hòu/qián ‘after/before…’, (先)…(隨後/然後/再)…(最後) (xiān)…(suíhòu /ránhòu /zài)…(zuìhòu) ‘first…then…at last’, 隨著 suízhe ‘following’, 接著 jiēzhe ‘following’, 此後 cǐhòu ‘henceforth’, (自)…以來(zì)… yǐlái ‘since’, 就 jiù ‘then’, 才 cái ‘just’, 過去…現在 guòqu…xiànzài ‘in the past…at present’, 今年…明年 jīnnián…míngnián ‘this year…next year’, 去年…今年 qùnián...jīnnián ‘last year…this year’, 上午…下午 shàngwǔ…xiàwǔ ‘in the morning…in the afternoon’, 過去…如今 guòqù…rújīn ‘in the past…now’, 以前…現在 yǐqián…xiànzài ‘in the past…now’, 原…如今 yuán…rújīn ‘originally…now’, 先…然後 xiān…ránhòu ‘first…then’.

and

又…又… yòu…yòu… ‘and…and…’,既…又… jì…yòu… ‘both…and…’, 既…也… jì… yě…‘both…and…’, 也…也… yě…yě… ‘and…and…’, 同時 tóngshí ‘meanwhile’, 也 ‘and’.

while-head event

(在)…時/(的)同時 (zài)… shí/(de) tóngshí ‘at the same time of…’, 在…(的過程)中/期間 zài…(de guòchéng)zhōng/qī jiān ‘in the process of’, 一邊…一邊… yībiān…yībiān… ‘one side…on the other side’, 一…就… yī…jiù… ‘as soon as’, 一面…一面…yīmiàn…yīmiàn…‘one side…on the other side’, 一方面…一方面…yīfāngmiàn…yīfāngmiàn…‘one side…on the other side’, 同時 tóngshí ‘at the same time of…’.

cause-result & result-cause

由于 yóuyú ‘because’, 因 yīn ‘because’, 因為 yīnwèi ‘because’, 有鑑於 yǒujiànyú ‘because of’, 然因 rányīn ‘because’, 蓋因 gàiyīn ‘because’, 由於 yóuyú ‘because’, 有鑒於 yǒujiànyú ‘because of’, 既 ‘since’, 既然 jìrán ‘since’, 鑑於 jiànyú ‘because of’, 鑒於 jiànyú ‘because of’, 既已 jìyǐ ‘since’, 因故 yīngù ‘because’, 有鑑於此 yǒujiànyúcǐ ‘because of it’, 有鑒於此 yǒujiànyúcǐ ‘because of it’, 因著 yīnzhe ‘because of’, 為由 wéiyóu ‘for the reason of’, 有感於 yǒugǎnyú ‘for the sake of’, 感於 gǎnyú ‘for the sake of’, 乃至 nǎizhì ‘so as to’, 之所以 zhīsuǒyǐ  ‘the reason why’, 于是 yúshì ‘thus’, 以至 yǐzhì ‘so as to’, 以至於 yǐzhìyú ‘so as to’, 以故yǐgù ‘for the reason of’, 以是 yǐshì ‘thus’, 以致 yǐzhì ‘so as to’, 因之 yīnzhī ‘thus’, 因此 yīncǐ ‘thus’, 因而 yīnér ‘thus’, 所以 suǒyǐ ‘so’, 於是 yúshì ‘thus’, 於是乎 yúshìhū ‘thus’, 故 ‘thus’, 故而 gùér ‘therefore’, 是以 shìyǐ ‘therefore’, 是故 shìgù ‘therefore’, 從而 cóngér ‘thus’, 職是 zhíshì ‘thus’, 藉以 jièyǐ ‘by’, 乃至 nǎizhì ‘so as to’, 乃 nǎi ‘so as to’, 遂 suì ‘so’, 而 ér ‘therefore’.

means-purpose & purpose-means & result-purpose & purpose-result

為了…而 wèile…ér ‘in order to’通過 tōngguò ‘by means of’, 藉著 jièzhe ‘by means of’, 假  jiǎ ‘by means of’, 以(期) yǐ(qí) ‘to’, …來… … lái… ‘to’, 俾便 bìbiàn ‘for the purpose of’, 起見 qǐjiàn ‘in view of’, 以 ‘to’, 以便 yǐbiàn ‘for the purpose of’, 好 hǎo ‘in order to’, 去 ‘to’, 用以 yòngyǐ ‘in order to’, 為了wèile ‘in order to’, 為著 wèizhe ‘in order to’, 用來 yònglái ‘in order to’, 俾 ‘for the purpose of’.

manner-head event

V 著 zhe ‘ZHE’ V.

head event-result

V 得 de ‘DE’ V.

event-apposition

例如 lìrú ‘for example’, 比如 bǐrú ‘for example’, 比方 bǐfang ‘for example’, 比方說 bǐfangshuō ‘for example’, 比如說 bǐrúshuō ‘for example’, 例 ‘for example’, 諸如 zhūrú ‘for example’, 譬如 pìrú ‘for example’, 譬如說 pìrúshuō ‘for example’, 以…為例 yǐ…wéilì ‘for example’.

listing

之流 zhīliú ‘such as’, 之類 zhīlèi ‘such as’, 等 děng ‘etc.’, 等等 děngděng ‘etc.’, 一方面 yīfāngmiàn ‘on the one hand’, 一來 yīlái ‘first’, 一則 yīzé ‘one’, 其一 qíyī ‘one’, 首先 shǒuxiān ‘first’, 二來 èrlái ‘second’, 二則 èrzé ‘two’, 另 lìng ‘another’, 另一方面 lìngyīfāngmiàn ‘on the other hand’, 另外 lìngwài ‘in addition’, 再者 zàizhě ‘futhermore’, 此外 cǐwài ‘in addition’, 其二 qíèr ‘second’, 其三 qísān ‘third’, 其次 qícì ‘secondly’, 再則 zàizé ‘in addition’, 之外 zhī wài ‘in addition’, 而外 érwài ‘in addition’, 如右 rúyòu ‘as shown on the right’, 如左 rúzuǒ ‘as shown on the left’, 如次 rúcì ‘as below’, 包括 bāokuò ‘including’.

topic-comment

有/無…V yǒu/wú…V ‘with/without’, 於此 yúcǐ ‘here’, 就 jiù ‘on’, 針對 zhēnduì ‘for the topic of’, 對于 duìyú ‘for’, 對於 duìyú ‘for’, 有關 yǒuguān ‘concerning’, 至於 zhìyú ‘as for’, 關于 guānyú ‘on’, 關於 guānyú ‘on’, 對此 duìcǐ ‘for the topic of’.

head event-conclusion

綜上所述 zōngshàngsuǒshù ‘in summary’, 總而言之 zǒngéryánzhī ‘in summary’, 換句話說/換言之 huànjùhuàshuō/huànyánzhī ‘in other words’, 或者說 huòzhěshuō ‘or’, 一般而言 yībānéryán ‘in general’, 一般來說 yībānláishuō ‘in general’, 也就是說 yějiùshìshuō ‘in other words’, 如此一來 rúcǐyīlái ‘so then’, 那 ‘so then’, 那麼 nàme ‘so then’, 終歸一句 zhōngguīyījù ‘in summary’, 就是說 jiùshìshuō ‘in other words’, 照說 zhàoshuō ‘accordingly’, 歸根到底 guīgēndàodǐ ‘in summary’, 論說 lúnshuō, 則 ‘as a result’, 便 biàn ‘as a result’.

SpeechAct-content

speech act verbs, e.g., 說 shuō ‘say’, 反應 fǎnyìng ‘response’, 指出 zhǐchū ‘point out’, 回答 huídá ‘answer’, 控訴 kòngsù ‘accuse’…etc.

condition-result

只有 zhǐyǒu ‘only if’, 只要 zhǐyào ‘as long as’, 只消 zhǐxiāo ‘as long as’, 祇有 zhǐyǒu ‘only if’, 祇要 zhǐyāo ‘as long as’, 除非 chúfēi ‘unless’, 惟有 wéiyǒu ‘only if’, 惟獨 wéidú ‘only if’, 光 guāng ‘only’, 光光 guāngguāng ‘only’, 惟 wéi ‘only’, 啻 chì ‘only’, 唯有 wéiyǒu ‘only if’, 如 ‘if’, 如果 rúguǒ ‘if’, 如果說 rúguǒshuō ‘if’, 如若 rúruò ‘if’, 果若 guǒruò ‘if’, 若 ruò ‘if’, 若使 ruòshǐ ‘if’, 若果 ruòguǒ ‘if’, 若是 ruòshì ‘if’, 要不是 yàobúshì ‘if not’, 要是 yàoshì ‘if’, 倘使 tǎngshǐ ‘if’, 倘若 tǎngruò ‘if’, 假令 jiǎlìng ‘if’, 假如 jiǎrú ‘if’, 假使 jiǎshǐ ‘if’, 假若 jiǎruò ‘if’, 設使 shèshǐ ‘if’, 設若 shèruò ‘if’, 萬一 wànyī ‘by chance’, 果 guǒ ‘if’, 一旦 yīdàn ‘once’, 如若不然 rúruòbùrán ‘if’, 若且唯若 ruòqiěwéiruò ‘if and only if’, 若非 ruòfēi ‘if not’, 若要 ruòyāo ‘if’, 倘 tǎng ‘if’, 倘或 tǎnghuò ‘if’, 倘然 tǎngrán ‘if’, 設 shè ‘if’, 設或 shèhuò ‘if’, 儻 tǎng ‘if’, 苟能 gǒunéng ‘if’, 假設 jiǎshè ‘if’, 不管 bùguǎn ‘no matter’, 不論 búlùn ‘no matter’, 無論 wúlùn ‘no matter’, 無論如何 wúlùnrúhé ‘no matter how’, 也好 yěhǎo ‘or’, 哪怕 nǎpà ‘even if’, 的話 dehuà ‘if’ jiù ‘then’, 才 cái ‘then’, 則 ‘then’, 那 ‘then’, 那麼 nàme ‘then’, 即 ‘then’, 都 dōu ‘not even’, 將 jiāng ‘will’, 會 huì ‘shall’.

restrictive-addition

dàn ‘but’, 不特 bútè ‘not only’, 不僅 bùjǐn ‘not only’, 不獨 bùdú ‘not only’, 非但 fēidàn ‘not only’, 非獨 fēidú ‘not only’, 不單單 bùdāndān ‘not only’, 不只 bùzhǐ ‘not only’, 不光 bùguāng ‘not only’, 不光光 bùguāngguāng ‘not only’, 不單 bùdān ‘not only’, 不僅僅 bùjǐnjǐn ‘not only’, 不但 búdàn ‘not only’, 除 chú ‘apart from’, 除了chúle ‘apart from’ hái ‘and also’, 也 ‘and’, 更 gèng ‘more’, 以及 yǐjí ‘and also’, 還有 háiyǒu ‘and also’, 同時也 tóngshíyě ‘and also’, 而 ér ‘and’, 又 yòu ‘and’, 且 qiě ‘also’, 并且 bìngqiě ‘and’, 甚或 shènhuò ‘even’, 復 ‘and’, 乃至於 nǎizhìyú ‘and even’, 甚者 shénzhě ‘even worse’, 何況 hékuàng ‘not to mention’, 更何況 gènghékuàng ‘not to mention’, 況且 kuàngqiě ‘moreover’, 進而 jìnér ‘and then’, 反倒 fǎndào ‘instead’, 且 qiě ‘and’, 加上 jiāshàng ‘plus’, 再且 zàiqiě ‘plus’, 再就是 zàijiùshì ‘then also’, 并 bìng ‘and’, 而且 érqiě ‘and’, 而況 érkuàng ‘not to mention’, 並 bìng ‘and’, 並且 bìngqiě ‘and’, 尚且 shàngqiě ‘even’, 況乎 kuànghū ‘even’, 甚且 shènqiě ‘even’, 甚而 shènér ‘even’, 兼之 jiānzhī ‘and’, 跟著 gēnzhe ‘and’, 再說 zàishuō ‘besides’, 話又說回來 huàyòushuōhuílái ‘anyway’, 話說 huàshuō ‘anyway’, 話說回來 huàshuōhuílái ‘anyway’, 且說 qiěshuō ‘anyway’.

head event-addition

ér ‘and’, 並且 bìngqiě ‘and’, 而且 érqiě ‘and’, 是…也是 shì…yěshì ‘is… also is’, 以及 yǐjí ‘and’.

or

或(者/是) huò (zhě/shì) ‘or’, 抑或 yìhuò ‘or’, 抑是 yìshì ‘or’, 或 huò ‘or’, 或者 huòzhě ‘or’, 或則 huòzé ‘or’, 或是 huòshì ‘or’, 要麼 yàome ‘or’, 要不 yàobù ‘or’, (也)…也… (yě)… yě… ‘or…or…’, 是…還是… shì… háishì… ‘be…or…’, 無論/不管/不論…還是/或是… wúlùn/bùguǎn/búlùn …háishì/huòshì… ‘whether or not’, 不是…就是… búshì… jiùshì… ‘either…or’.

rejection-selection

與其 yǔqí ‘compare with’, 不如 bùrú ‘rather’, 不然 bùrán ‘otherwise’, 毋寧 wúnìng ‘rather’, 若不然 ruòbùrán ‘if not’, 要不然 yàobùrán ‘otherwise’, 莫如 mòrú ‘rather’, 莫若 mòruò ‘rather’, 無如 wúrú ‘rather’, 還不如 háibùrú ‘rather’, 再不然 zàibùrán ‘otherwise’, 何如 hérú ‘rather’, 寧 nìng ‘rather’.

head event-avoidance

以免 yǐmiǎn ‘lest’, 以防 yǐfáng ‘lest’, 免得 miǎnde ‘lest’, 省得 shěngde ‘lest’.

concession-disjunctive

是…不是… shì…búshì… ‘be…not be…’, 是…而不是… shì…érbúshì… ‘be…but not be…’, 不是…是… búshì…shì… ‘be not… be…’, 不在…是在… búzài … shìzài… ‘be not at…be at…’, 將…而不是 jiāng…érbúshì… ‘be going to… but not’盡管 jìnguǎn ‘in spite of’, 儘管 jǐnguǎn ‘in spite of’, 雖則 suīzé ‘although’, 雖然 suīrán ‘although’, 固  ‘of course’, 固然 gùrán ‘of course’, 雖 suī ‘although’, 雖說 suīshuō ‘although’, 好歹 hǎodǎi ‘anyhow’, 姑且 gūqiě ‘tentatively’, 聊且 liáoqiě ‘tentatively’, 話雖如此 huàsuīrúcǐ ‘although’, 不是 búshì ‘be not’, 即使 jíshǐ ‘even if’, 即或 jíhuò ‘even if’, 即便 jíbiàn ‘even if’, 就算 jiùsuàn ‘even if’, 縱令 zònglìng ‘even if’, 縱而 zòngér ‘even if’, 縱使 zòngshǐ ‘even if’, 縱或 zònghuò ‘even if’, 縱然 zòngrán ‘even if’, 縱 zòng ‘even if’, 即令 jílìng ‘even if’, 就是 jiùshì ‘even if’, 便是 biànshì ‘even if’, 大不了 dàbùliǎo ‘big deal’ 不過 búguò ‘but’, 可是 kěshì ‘but’, 只是 zhǐshì ‘but’, 而 ér ‘but’, 而是 érshì ‘but’, 但 dàn ‘but’, 但是 dànshì ‘but’, 祇是 zhǐshì ‘but’, 然 rán ‘however’, 然而 ránér ‘however’, 然則 ránzé ‘however’, 反而 fǎnér ‘instead’, 只不過 zhǐbúguò ‘only’, 乃是 nǎishì ‘but be’, 並不是 bìngbúshì ‘not be’, 倒 dǎo ‘instead’, 偏 piān ‘deliberately’, 反之 fǎnzhī ‘on the contrary’, 卻 què ‘yet’, 可 ‘but’, 還是 háishì ‘still’, 仍然 réngrán ‘still’, 也 ‘still’, 仍 réng ‘still’.

condition-conversion

除非 chúfēi ‘unless’ 否則 fǒuzé ‘otherwise’, 不然 bùrán ‘otherwise’.

except-head event

除此之外 chúcǐzhīwài ‘apart from this’, 除此以外 chúcǐyǐwài ‘apart from this’, 除 chú ‘except’, 除了chúle ‘except’, 除去 chúqù ‘except’, 除卻 chúquè ‘except’, 除非 chúfēi ‘except’, 除…外 chú…wài ‘except’, 除了…都 chúle…dōu ‘except’.

theme-contrast

如同 rútóng ‘as’, 好像 hǎoxiàng ‘like’, 彷彿 fǎngfú ‘as if’, 似乎 sìhū ‘seem’.